• Home
• About us
  • Who we are
  • What we do
  • Editorial executive committee
  • Advisory editorial panel
  • AP Video
• Contact us
  • Subscription
  • Email alert
  • Write to Australian Prescriber
• Index
  • Subject index
  • Author index
• Resources
  • Consumer comments
  • Patient perspectives
  • Support organisations
  • News
• Archive
  • Back Issues
  • Media releases
  • Past covers

Key words: antihypertensives, cardiovascular disease, hypertension.

Aust Prescr 2010;33:108-12

Introduction

All patients with elevated blood pressure should be encouraged to have a healthy lifestyle.1 Although there are benefits from weight loss, salt and alcohol reduction and exercise, these lifestyle changes may be insufficient to control a patient's blood pressure. This leaves them at risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and renal failure. If the high blood pressure is confirmed by accurate measurements on several occasions, drug treatment should be considered.

Who should receive drug therapy?

Drug treatment for elevated blood pressure should not be based solely on accurate blood pressure readings. It should also consider an individual's absolute cardiovascular risk – their risk of having a stroke or myocardial infarction over a specified period of time, usually five years.2 An absolute risk calculator can be used to identify who is most likely to benefit from treatment.3The previous underestimation of risk in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people by such calculators has been addressed in the recently published Australian risk calculator.4–6

Immediate treatment to lower blood pressure is recommended for patients with confirmed hypertension (multiple measures on at least two separate occasions):

• systolic blood pressure 180 mmHg or greater
• diastolic blood pressure 110 mmHg or greater
• systolic blood pressure 160 mmHg or greater and diastolic blood pressure 70 mmHg or less.

Patients with associated conditions (for example, stroke or myocardial infarction) or evidence of end-organ damage (for example, microalbuminuria, left ventricular hypertrophy) also need urgent treatment (Fig. 1).

Starting drug therapy

Once the decision has been made to start drug therapy, the choice of antihypertensive drug should be based on the patient's age and the presence of associated clinical conditions or end-organ damage. The presence of other diseases may favour or limit the use of particular drug classes and there may be potential interactions with other drugs (Table 1). Cost and the ease of adhering to treatment should also be considered. Antihypertensive drugs in different classes have similar efficacy. In uncomplicated cases the recommendation is to start with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, angiotensin receptor antagonist, calcium channel blocker or diuretic (in the aged).2 Beta blockers are no longer recommended as first-line treatment for uncomplicated high blood pressure as meta-analyses show they have an adverse relative risk of stroke and new onset diabetes compared to other drugs.7,8

Target blood pressure

A patient's comorbidity helps to determine which blood pressure to aim for. In uncomplicated hypertension the target should be 140/90 mmHg or lower if tolerated. The target is under 130/80 mmHg in patients with end-organ damage or conditions such as diabetes, and under 125/75 mmHg in patients with proteinuria (>1 g/day).

It is important that patients be treated to reach their recommended blood pressure. Failure to do so leaves patients at significant residual adverse risk.

Start with the lowest recommended dose of the selected drug and review the patient after six weeks. If the drug is not well tolerated or is ineffective, change to a drug of a different class. If the target blood pressure is still not reached, add a further drug from a different pharmacological class at a low dose, rather than increasing to the maximum dose of the first drug.

Fig. 1 When to start drug treatment for hypertension 2 BP blood pressure SBP systolic blood pressure DBP diastolic blood pressure * For example, diabetes (strict glycaemic control lowers cardiovascular risk), lipid disorders (cholesterol-lowering therapy reduces the risk of primary and secondary coronary events). See National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: Position statement on lipid management 2005 www.heartfoundation.org.au. † For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, consider managing as though at a higher risk level ‡ Continue lifestyle modification, monitor blood pressure and reassess absolute cardiovascular risk regularly. Note that patients with mild hypertension will require antihypertensive drug treatment if their absolute risk of cardiovascular disease is elevated due to changes in other risk factors. Figure is adapted and reproduced with the permission of the Heart Foundation

This treatment approach maximises efficacy while minimising adverse effects. Titrate the dose of one drug then the other until the target blood pressure is reached. Additional drugs may be required.

Attaining and maintaining the target blood pressure may be assisted by:

• choice of long-acting drugs to provide once-daily administration
• regular assessment and encouragement of drug adherence
• treating the patient as a partner in management decisions and involving the patient's family when appropriate
• providing specific written instructions and patient education materials
• discussing the use of dose administration aids (e.g. dosette boxes, blister packs) and home medicines review
• use of self-measurement of blood pressure for monitoring, if appropriate
• evaluating the social and economic barriers that may affect medication supply and storage
• using effective combinations (Table 2) when more than one drug is required.

Combination therapy

Approximately 60% of patients with elevated blood pressure will not achieve their blood pressure targets with monotherapy. Most patients will require a combination of two or more drugs to achieve adequate blood pressure control. There are several effective combinations (Table 2). In the ACCOMPLISH trial an ACE inhibitor and calcium channel blocker combination reduced cardiovascular events more than a combination of the ACE inhibitor with a diuretic.9

Long-term drug treatment

Drug treatment is usually lifelong, as age is the most important determinant of adverse risk, unless the blood pressure is well controlled by profound lifestyle changes.10 If blood pressure is normal and stable, the interval between visits can be lengthened, for example, review every three months for the next 12 months and six-monthly thereafter.

If treatment is stopped, the patient's blood pressure should be checked regularly. Patients should continue the lifestyle changes and agree to resume drug treatment if their blood pressure rises again.

Resistant blood pressure

Failure to control blood pressure can be due to a wide range of prescriber, patient, healthcare system and drug related factors. If blood pressure remains above the target despite maximal doses of at least two appropriate drugs after a reasonable period, consider the following potential explanations:

• non-adherence to drug therapy and lifestyle modifications
• secondary hypertension (e.g. sleep apnoea, chronic kidney disease)
• use of drugs that may increase blood pressure (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prednisolone)
• alcohol or recreational drug use
• high salt intake (particularly in patients taking ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists)
• 'white coat' hypertension
• blood pressure measurement artefact
• volume overload (especially with chronic kidney disease).

Drug treatment in older people

In the elderly, isolated elevated systolic blood pressure is more prevalent due to large vessel stiffness associated with ageing. Calcium channel blocker- or diuretic-based drug treatment is recommended.

In the very elderly, the recommended blood pressure targets may be difficult to achieve due to comorbidity, reduced physiological function and polypharmacy. However, the elderly are most at risk of adverse cardiovascular events and trials have shown that drug therapy is just as effective in advanced age. The HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET) studied patients aged 80 years or more (mean age 83.6 years). It showed a 39% relative reduction in the rate of death from stroke, a 21% reduction in the rate of death from any cause, a 23% reduction in the rate of death from cardiovascular causes and a 64% reduction in the rate of heart failure for those on active treatment versus placebo. Fewer serious adverse events were reported in the active treatment group so concerns about causing more harm than good are allayed.11

Conclusion

Drug therapy is warranted in individuals with a high risk of adverse cardiovascular events. It does not obviate the need for behavioural modification. All classes of antihypertensive drugs have similar efficacy, but specific recommendations are made according to the patient's characteristics. Whichever drug is started, it is important to treat until the target blood pressure is reached. Usually more than one drug is required to reach the target.

References

1. Huang N, Duggan K, Harman J. Lifestyle management of hypertension. Aust Prescr 2008;31:150-3.
2. National Heart Foundation of Australia (National Blood Pressure and Vascular Disease Advisory Committee). Guide to management of hypertension 2008. Updated 2009 Aug. www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/A_Hypert_Guidelines2008_2009Update_FINAL.pdf [cited 2010 Jul 7]
3. National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance. Guidelines for the assessment of absolute cardiovascular disease risk. 2009. www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/A_AR_Guidelines_FINAL%20FOR%20WEB.pdf [cited 2010 Jul 7]
4. Wang Z, Hoy WE. Is the Framingham coronary heart disease absolute risk function applicable to Aboriginal people? Med J Aust 2005;182:66-9.
5. Australian cardiovascular risk charts. In: Absolute cardiovascular disease risk assessment – quick reference guide for health professionals. National Heart Foundation of Australia. 2009.www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/A_AR_RiskCharts_FINAL%20FOR%20WEB.pdf [cited 2010 Jul 7]
6. Australian absolute cardiovascular disease risk calculator. National Stroke Foundation. 2009. www.cvdcheck.org.au [cited 2010 Jul 7]
7. Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet 2005;366:1545-53.
8. Bangalore S, Parkar S, Grossman E, Messerli FH. A meta-analysis of 94,492 patients with hypertension treated with beta blockers to determine the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1254-62.
9. Kjeldsen SE, Jamerson KA, Bakris GL, Pitt B, Dahlöf B, Velazquez EJ, et al. Avoiding Cardiovascular events through COMbination therapy in Patients LIving with Systolic Hypertension Investigators. Predictors of blood pressure response to intensified and fixed combination treatment of hypertension: the ACCOMPLISH study. Blood Press 2008;17:7-17.
10. Nelson MR, Reid CM, Krum H, Muir T, Ryan P, McNeil JJ. Predictors of normotension on withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: prospective study in second Australian national blood pressure study cohort. BMJ 2002;325:815-7.
11. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al; HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1887-98.

Professor Nelson has participated in trials that have received funding from SmithKline Beecham, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Sanofi-Aventis, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Pfizer, Servier Laboratories and Bristol-Myers Squibb. He has served on advisory boards for Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, Schering-Plough and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, prepared educational material for Servier Laboratories, AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb and received conference and travel support from Bayer HealthCare AG, Novartis and Sanofi-Aventis.

• Print article
• PDF version
• For consumers
• Leave feedback
• Email article